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MRF03 - An Introduction to Radar Principles
1.0 Historical Overview
1.1 James Clerk Maxwell – Scotland
1.2 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz – Germany
1.3 Guglielmo Marconi – Italy
1.4 Albert Wallace Hull – USA
1.5 Albert Taylor and Leo Crawford – USA
1.6 Radar Developed for Use in WWII
2.0 Fundamental Radar Principles
2.1 Advantages
2.2 Energy Pulses
2.3 Radar System Design
2.4 Measurement Principles
2.4.1 Distance Determination
2.4.2 Radar Range
2.4.3 Direction Determination
2.4.4 Transfer of Bearing Information
2.4.5 Maximum Unambiguous Range
2.4.5.1 Staggered PRT
2.4.5.2 Exceptions
2.4.6 Minimal Measuring Range
2.4.7 Elevation Angle
2.4.8 Range Resolution
2.4.8.1 Resolution Cell
2.4.8.2 Theoretical Maximum Range Equation
2.4.8.3 Radar Using Intrapulse Modulation
2.4.9 Transmitted Power
2.4.10 Accuracy
2.4.10 Accuracy in Range Determination
2.4.10.8 Section 2 Quiz
3.0 Radar Timing Performance
3.1 Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)
3.2 Receiving Time
3.3 Dead Time
3.4 Burst-Mode
3.5 Duty Cycle
3.5.1 Peak Average Power
3.5.2 Duty Cycle
3.6 Dwell Time / Hits per Scan
3.6.1 Dwell Time
3.6.2 Hits per Scan / Section 3 Quiz
4.0 Radar Equations
4.1 Free-Space Path Loss
4.2 Calculation of Free-Space Path Loss
4.3 Derivation of the Radar Equation
4.4 Argumentation/Derivation
4.5 Influence of the Earth’s Surface
4.6 Radar Reflections from Flat Ground
4.7 More on Radar Cross-Section
4.7.1 What Does RCS Mean for Radar?
4.7.2 Non-Isotropic Reference Reflector
4.7.3 Computational Determination of the Reflective Area
4.7.4 Radar Cross Sections for Point-Like Targets / Section 4 Quiz
5.0 Radar Loss
5.1 Typical Search Radar Loss
5.2 Atmospheric Losses
5.3 Beam-Shape Loss
5.4 Beamwidth Factor
5.5 Fluctuation Loss
5.6 Miscellaneous Signal Processing Loss
5.7 Transmit Line Losses
5.8 Receive Losses
5.9 Model Calculations
5.9.1 The Radar Equation in Practice
5.9.2 Transmitted Power
5.9.3 Sensitivity of the Receiver
5.9.4 Antenna Gain
6.0 Radar Frequency Bands
6.1 Waves and Frequency Ranges
6.2 A- and B-Band (HF and VHF Radar)
6.3 C-Band (UHF Radar)
6.4 D-Band (L-Band Radar)
6.5 E/F-Band (S-Band Radar)
6.6 G-Band (C-Band Radar)
6.7 I/J-Band (X- and Ku-Band Radar)
6.8 K-Band (K- and Ka-Band Radar)
6.9 V-Band
6.10 W-Band
6.11 N-Band
6.12 Radar Coverage
6.12.1 Cone of Silence
6.12.2 Low-Altitude Coverage
6.12.3 Electronic Warfare / Section 6 Quiz
7.0 Types of Radar
7.1 Classification of Radar Systems
7.1.1 Primary Radar
7.1.2 Pulse Radar
7.1.2.1 Pulse Radar Using Pulse Compression
7.1.2.2 Monostatic/Bistatic Radar
7.1.3 Secondary Radar
7.1.4 Continuous Wave Radar
7.1.4.1 Block Diagram of CW Radar
7.1.4.2 Doppler Radar
7.1.4.3 Function
7.1.4.4 Calculation of Radar Range
7.1.4.5 Applications of Unmodulated Continuous Wave Radar
7.1.5 Frequency-Modulated CW Radar
7.1.5.1 Principle of Measurement
7.1.5.2 Maximum Range and Range Resolution
7.1.5.3 Modulation Pattern
7.1.5.4 Modulation Testing
7.1.5.5 Sawtooth Linear Frequency Changing
7.1.5.6 Triangular Frequency Changing
7.1.5.7 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
7.1.5.8 Stepped Frequency Changing
7.1.5.9 Block Diagram of an FMCW Radar Sensor
7.1.5.10 Imaging FMCW Radar
7.1.5.11 Non-imaging FMCW Radar / Section 7 Quiz
8.0 Radar Applications
8.1 Air Defense Radar
8.2 Examples of Battlefield Radar
8.3 Air Traffic Control (ATC) Radar / Section 8 Quiz
9.0 Antenna Types
9.1 Antenna Functions
9.2 Antenna Characteristics
9.3 Half-Wave Antenna
9.4 Parabolic Antenna
9.5 Antenna with Cosecant Squared Pattern
9.6 Phased Array Antenna
9.7 Monopulse Antenna
9.8 Conical Scan / Section 9 Quiz
10.0 Radar Transmitters
10.1 Radar Transmitter Requirements
10.2 Pseudo-Coherent Radar
10.3 Fully Coherent Radar
10.4 Pulse Compression
10.5 Nested Barker Codes / Section 10 Quiz
11.0 Velocity-Modulated Tubes
11.1 Klystron Amplifier
11.2 Reflex Klystron or Repeller Klystron
11.3 Applications
12.0 Magnetrons
12.1. Physical construction of a magnetron
12.2 Magnetron Basic Operation
12.3 Extended Interaction Klystron (EIK)
12.4 Extended Interaction Oscillator
13.0 Concluding Remarks
13.1 Wrap Up
14.0 Appendix 1
Glossary of Terms
4.7 More on Radar Cross-Section
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